ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
What qualities define power struggles and stable periods of rule?
How can invasion change the lives of people in conquered lands?
CHINA: ONE COHERENT WHOLE
KEY POINTS:
1. After the Han Dynasty's collapse, China was propelled into a state of perturbed chaos, and the Chinese suffered through civil war for three-hundred years. In the midst of this pandemonium, the Sui dynasty arose. Although it did not last long, it unified China once again under the authority of the emperor. As far as contributions,the second emperor of the dynasty, the Grand Canal was completed, effectively linking the Huang He and Chang Jiang rivers, a pathway that expedited rice shipping from the south to north. However, the emperor callously forced peasant to be laborers in the building of the canal. With this apparent savagery, high taxes, decadent lifestyle, and military debacles, a rebellion ignited, and the emperor was murdered.
2. after the precipitous collapse of the Sui dynasty, a new dynasty, called the Tang dynasty, emerged. The sovereign Tang rulers contrived a stable economy by allocating land to the peasants. Also, one of the most monumental acts of the Tang dynasty, they perspicaciously restored the civil service examination to be used to recruit officials for the civilian bureaucracy. Preparation for this elaborate exam included memorizing Confucian classics. The Tang dynasty brought equanimity to northwest China, expanding China’s control into Tibet, the region north of the Himalayas. However, the Tang dynasty, like the Han, provoked their own destruction as they are unable to prevent plotting and vile government fraudulence. Eventually, the Tang weakened and was susceptible to invasion, and despite their attempts to hire Uighurs, or Turkic-Speaking tribal warriors to fight for them, the Tang dynasty collapse in 907.
3. Following the collapse of the Tang dynasty, the Song rose to power. Due to unabating invasions from northern neighbors, during the song rule, they rulers were coercively forced to move the imperial court south to Hangzhou, and they lost control of Tibet. Also, the indomitable Mongols overthrew the Song, creating a new mongol dynasty in China. However, the Song dynasty impact was massive. The Songs first used paper currency, and its brilliant astronomers developed ingenious new instruments; its inventors applied new technologies to warfare, navigation, and printing.
4. One of the most momentous contributions of China to future societies was the revitalizing of this idea of merit-based civil servant, eliminating the maladroit rule of complacent imbeciles who inherit the position. Also, the reinvigoration of Confucian ideals was significant. Also, there were several new technological developments that greatly stimulated trade. The Chinese began casting iron to make steel swords, fabricating cotton, using gunpowder to make rudimentary explosives and flame projectiles, implementing a sophisticating numeric system, and developing major ideas in science. Finally, the Silk Road facilitated trade and the spread of Ideas to regions such as Japan and Korea, spreading the three prevalent religionsL Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam.
5. AS part of Chinese custom , when a girl married, the girl families were expected to provide a dowry, or a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage. Because of this girls were considerably less advantageous or preferable . This was due to the unpropitious reality that women came with a taxing financial burden. This also helped to reiterate the idea that men held the dominant roles in the society.
2. after the precipitous collapse of the Sui dynasty, a new dynasty, called the Tang dynasty, emerged. The sovereign Tang rulers contrived a stable economy by allocating land to the peasants. Also, one of the most monumental acts of the Tang dynasty, they perspicaciously restored the civil service examination to be used to recruit officials for the civilian bureaucracy. Preparation for this elaborate exam included memorizing Confucian classics. The Tang dynasty brought equanimity to northwest China, expanding China’s control into Tibet, the region north of the Himalayas. However, the Tang dynasty, like the Han, provoked their own destruction as they are unable to prevent plotting and vile government fraudulence. Eventually, the Tang weakened and was susceptible to invasion, and despite their attempts to hire Uighurs, or Turkic-Speaking tribal warriors to fight for them, the Tang dynasty collapse in 907.
3. Following the collapse of the Tang dynasty, the Song rose to power. Due to unabating invasions from northern neighbors, during the song rule, they rulers were coercively forced to move the imperial court south to Hangzhou, and they lost control of Tibet. Also, the indomitable Mongols overthrew the Song, creating a new mongol dynasty in China. However, the Song dynasty impact was massive. The Songs first used paper currency, and its brilliant astronomers developed ingenious new instruments; its inventors applied new technologies to warfare, navigation, and printing.
4. One of the most momentous contributions of China to future societies was the revitalizing of this idea of merit-based civil servant, eliminating the maladroit rule of complacent imbeciles who inherit the position. Also, the reinvigoration of Confucian ideals was significant. Also, there were several new technological developments that greatly stimulated trade. The Chinese began casting iron to make steel swords, fabricating cotton, using gunpowder to make rudimentary explosives and flame projectiles, implementing a sophisticating numeric system, and developing major ideas in science. Finally, the Silk Road facilitated trade and the spread of Ideas to regions such as Japan and Korea, spreading the three prevalent religionsL Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam.
5. AS part of Chinese custom , when a girl married, the girl families were expected to provide a dowry, or a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage. Because of this girls were considerably less advantageous or preferable . This was due to the unpropitious reality that women came with a taxing financial burden. This also helped to reiterate the idea that men held the dominant roles in the society.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How did the Mongols create the world's largest land empire?
How did the role of religion in Chinese government change between and Han and Yuan dynasties?
How did the role of religion in Chinese government change between and Han and Yuan dynasties?
THE enthralling history and culture of the mongols and chinese
"It's not sufficient that i succeed. All others must fail"
. . .
Genghis Kahn
KEY POINTS:
1. After the eminent Genghis Kahn was elected in Gobi, he unleashed a ruthless army on the world. it was the mongol's shrewd military tactics that made their attacks devastatingly effective. The army was made up of archers mounted on horseback, and they ravaged the homelands of their opponents,feeble and impotent fighting against the intensely formidable mongols . It was this strategic organization that allowed the mongols to move quickly across the battlefield.
2. After the mourned death of the legendary Genghis Kahn, his heirs divided the territory, dividing the empire into segregated territories called Khanates. The Mongolian dynasty belligerently attacked the Song dynasty in the 1260s. In 1279, Kublai Kahn. Genghis Kahn’s formidable grandson, vanquished the song dynasty once and for all, and he set up the Yuan. He also established the capital, Khanbalik, which later became Beijing. While Kublai Khan was successful in expanding the Yaun empire, advancing into Vietnam, and launching fleets against Java and Sumatra, other campaigns failed miserably. In fact, in one attempt to attack Japan, a relentless storm ravaged through the area, completely obliterating the Mongol fleet.
3. The Mongol dynasty, however, despondently fell victim to the same problems that had afflicted the other dynasties. One of the most tragic faults was the dynasty’s squandering their money away on foreign conquest. Also, the there was corruption in court at the power rulers could bias voting and manipulate verdicts since the philosophy of ruling on basis of “qualification” was abolished. These infelicitous circumstances ultimately propelled the dynasty into a state of inter instability, and in 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang, son of a peasant, assembled an army, ending the Mongol dynasty and creating the Ming dynasty.
4. As the popularity of buddhism exponentially increased in the early tang dynasty. Buddhism taught that the material world was not a tangible reality but rather an abstruse illusion. By teaching these ideas, they were essentially dining the fundamental principles of confucianism. It repudiated the need for ardent devotion to family and arduous work. The Chinese had to reconcile these rival teachings. IN response to this contentious controversy, the chins introduced a new doctrine that was a confucian response to buddhism and Daoism. IT taught that world is a palpable reality, not an illusion, and that fulfillment comes from participation in the world.
5. In the period between the Tang and Ming dynasties, Chinese literature culminated in profoundness and depth in an age calls the age of Chinese literature. The invention of the printing press made literature more accessible among the eager, erudite elite. Art, also, flourished in this in this period. This time is also referred to, more specifically, as the period of ‘the Great Age of Poetry’ in China. Poetry was always expected to represent confucian ideals which revolved around being deferential respectful in ones elders and assiduously devoting oneself to the idea of fulfilling duty. It also emphasized the importance of humanity as one should show compassion and empathy for others in the daily pursuits of virtue. Poetry was also used to express scrupulous moral principles and the beauty of nature. In fact, rather than always expressing the precise, pragmatic realities in their paintings, they would try to portray the idea of the mountain. Also, since they recognized that they cannot understand the whole truth, they deliberately left portions empty. Finally, they wanted to express that humans are insignificant in the midst of nature as they live in but do not dominate nature.
2. After the mourned death of the legendary Genghis Kahn, his heirs divided the territory, dividing the empire into segregated territories called Khanates. The Mongolian dynasty belligerently attacked the Song dynasty in the 1260s. In 1279, Kublai Kahn. Genghis Kahn’s formidable grandson, vanquished the song dynasty once and for all, and he set up the Yuan. He also established the capital, Khanbalik, which later became Beijing. While Kublai Khan was successful in expanding the Yaun empire, advancing into Vietnam, and launching fleets against Java and Sumatra, other campaigns failed miserably. In fact, in one attempt to attack Japan, a relentless storm ravaged through the area, completely obliterating the Mongol fleet.
3. The Mongol dynasty, however, despondently fell victim to the same problems that had afflicted the other dynasties. One of the most tragic faults was the dynasty’s squandering their money away on foreign conquest. Also, the there was corruption in court at the power rulers could bias voting and manipulate verdicts since the philosophy of ruling on basis of “qualification” was abolished. These infelicitous circumstances ultimately propelled the dynasty into a state of inter instability, and in 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang, son of a peasant, assembled an army, ending the Mongol dynasty and creating the Ming dynasty.
4. As the popularity of buddhism exponentially increased in the early tang dynasty. Buddhism taught that the material world was not a tangible reality but rather an abstruse illusion. By teaching these ideas, they were essentially dining the fundamental principles of confucianism. It repudiated the need for ardent devotion to family and arduous work. The Chinese had to reconcile these rival teachings. IN response to this contentious controversy, the chins introduced a new doctrine that was a confucian response to buddhism and Daoism. IT taught that world is a palpable reality, not an illusion, and that fulfillment comes from participation in the world.
5. In the period between the Tang and Ming dynasties, Chinese literature culminated in profoundness and depth in an age calls the age of Chinese literature. The invention of the printing press made literature more accessible among the eager, erudite elite. Art, also, flourished in this in this period. This time is also referred to, more specifically, as the period of ‘the Great Age of Poetry’ in China. Poetry was always expected to represent confucian ideals which revolved around being deferential respectful in ones elders and assiduously devoting oneself to the idea of fulfilling duty. It also emphasized the importance of humanity as one should show compassion and empathy for others in the daily pursuits of virtue. Poetry was also used to express scrupulous moral principles and the beauty of nature. In fact, rather than always expressing the precise, pragmatic realities in their paintings, they would try to portray the idea of the mountain. Also, since they recognized that they cannot understand the whole truth, they deliberately left portions empty. Finally, they wanted to express that humans are insignificant in the midst of nature as they live in but do not dominate nature.
the early advancement of JAPAN AND KOREA
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How did Japan's geography affect its economy and culture?
What influenced the rise and fall of central rule in medieval Japan?
What influenced the rise and fall of central rule in medieval Japan?
KEY POINTS
1. Geography played an important role in the development of Japanese history. Japan is composed of an archipelago, or a chain of many islands formed by volcanic rock explosion. The population is concentrated on four main islands called Hokkaido, Honshu, and the two smaller islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. More than being an archipelago, Japan is very mountainous, and it is an island nation. While many might conjecture that this belief of predestination might propel the Japanese into an lackadaisical or languid state of complacency or entitlement, it did quite the opposite. In fact, the this conviction of a supreme future encourage the Japanese to work assiduously to live up to their expectations.
2. In the early seventh century, Price Shokotu resolutely decide to unify the various clans or the Japanese’s so that as a harmonious team they could work to more effectively resist invasion from China. Learning from their daunting enemies, the Prince brilliantly sent representatives to Tang capital of China to learn how the Chinese organized their government. He then created a primitive system of a centralized government under a supreme ruler. He continues to make reforms, diving Japan into administrative districts and the senior official of each district was selected among the illustrious nobles. However, once Taishi died in 622, power fell into the hands of the Fujiwara Clan. Under this rule, a new capital was established at Nara. Also, the powerful families were able to keep taxes from the land for themselves, so the government was unable to gain revenues. Because the opulent powerful people were exploitively keeping the wealth fro themselves, the central government steadily lost power and influence.
3. After the illustrious Shook Taishi's death in 622, the power fell into the hands of the Fujiwara clan. Under this new rule, a new capital was established at Nara. Also, the central government gradually lost its power and supreme dominion as the powerful families exploitively kept the taxes from the lands for themselves. These tax exempt farmers and shrewd aristocrats decided to take justice and fortification matters into there own hands. By turning to military force, a new class of obsequious military servants emerged whose sole purpose was to sedulously take care of their employers. These people are called the samurai, and they are generally warriors who fought on horseback and carried a swords and bow. As the knights in Europe who were expected to uphold chivalric moral codes. They were supposed to live by struct warrior codes known as they Bushido, and they were to show scrupulous and virtuous deeds.
4. By the end of the twelfth century, the rivalries among the pugnacious aristocratic families had led to a rancorous civil war. Unable to tolerate any more of this insensible quarreling, the audacious Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several rivals, and he set up his power near the modern city of Tokyo. He resuscitated the centralized government under a military leader known as the Shogun in a new organizational system called the shogunate. In this new system based on a shogun, who exercised military power, the emperor essentially became a titular role. However, as the local aristocrats, head of noblyfamilies, and large landed farm owners continued to negligently refused to pay taxes, the political power came into the hands of a loose amalgamation of noble families. By 1500, Japan was close to utter chaos, and during the disastrous civil war called the Onin War, all central authority disappeared.
5. guaranteed women inheritance rights. Also, women were afforded the privileged of being able to divorce and remarry if they were negligently abandoned by their husbands. However, Japanese law regressed in progress as the prerogative of women decreased over time. Infant, later practices held that women were considered subordinate to men In fact, a man could divorce his wife if she did not produce a son, committed adultery, prattled aimlessly and were super loquacious, became jealous or had a serious illness .These numbers validations of divorces essentially justified noncommittal and evasive behavior. Although there were blatant deficiencies in their legal rights, women could be active in various levels of the society. For example, aristocratic women were prominent at court and could liberally express their artistic and literary talents.
2. In the early seventh century, Price Shokotu resolutely decide to unify the various clans or the Japanese’s so that as a harmonious team they could work to more effectively resist invasion from China. Learning from their daunting enemies, the Prince brilliantly sent representatives to Tang capital of China to learn how the Chinese organized their government. He then created a primitive system of a centralized government under a supreme ruler. He continues to make reforms, diving Japan into administrative districts and the senior official of each district was selected among the illustrious nobles. However, once Taishi died in 622, power fell into the hands of the Fujiwara Clan. Under this rule, a new capital was established at Nara. Also, the powerful families were able to keep taxes from the land for themselves, so the government was unable to gain revenues. Because the opulent powerful people were exploitively keeping the wealth fro themselves, the central government steadily lost power and influence.
3. After the illustrious Shook Taishi's death in 622, the power fell into the hands of the Fujiwara clan. Under this new rule, a new capital was established at Nara. Also, the central government gradually lost its power and supreme dominion as the powerful families exploitively kept the taxes from the lands for themselves. These tax exempt farmers and shrewd aristocrats decided to take justice and fortification matters into there own hands. By turning to military force, a new class of obsequious military servants emerged whose sole purpose was to sedulously take care of their employers. These people are called the samurai, and they are generally warriors who fought on horseback and carried a swords and bow. As the knights in Europe who were expected to uphold chivalric moral codes. They were supposed to live by struct warrior codes known as they Bushido, and they were to show scrupulous and virtuous deeds.
4. By the end of the twelfth century, the rivalries among the pugnacious aristocratic families had led to a rancorous civil war. Unable to tolerate any more of this insensible quarreling, the audacious Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several rivals, and he set up his power near the modern city of Tokyo. He resuscitated the centralized government under a military leader known as the Shogun in a new organizational system called the shogunate. In this new system based on a shogun, who exercised military power, the emperor essentially became a titular role. However, as the local aristocrats, head of noblyfamilies, and large landed farm owners continued to negligently refused to pay taxes, the political power came into the hands of a loose amalgamation of noble families. By 1500, Japan was close to utter chaos, and during the disastrous civil war called the Onin War, all central authority disappeared.
5. guaranteed women inheritance rights. Also, women were afforded the privileged of being able to divorce and remarry if they were negligently abandoned by their husbands. However, Japanese law regressed in progress as the prerogative of women decreased over time. Infant, later practices held that women were considered subordinate to men In fact, a man could divorce his wife if she did not produce a son, committed adultery, prattled aimlessly and were super loquacious, became jealous or had a serious illness .These numbers validations of divorces essentially justified noncommittal and evasive behavior. Although there were blatant deficiencies in their legal rights, women could be active in various levels of the society. For example, aristocratic women were prominent at court and could liberally express their artistic and literary talents.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How did buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam influence the development of India?
What geographic factors led to the development of distinct cultures in Southeast Asia?
What geographic factors led to the development of distinct cultures in Southeast Asia?
The captivating development of INDIA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
key points
1. Buddhism retained its ubiquitous influence among the Indian people. However, the enigmatic and often cryptic teachings of Buddha began to be interpreted in different ways resulting in a distinct split among the Buddhist in india. On group called themselves the Theravada, translating to the ‘teachings of the elders,’ and they regarded Buddhism to be a way of life. This school though that understanding oneself was the cardinal method of achieving nirvana, or release from the wheel of life through abstemious renouncing of desire. Another view that emerged in North india was the Mahayana or ‘the Great Vehicle.’ These are not a stringent as the Theravada as a they maintained a more amenable embracing philosophy. They felt that enlightenment was open to everyone and not reserved for the austere and solitary monks.
2. Eventually neither the Mahayana nor the Theravada remained popular in India. Theravada was losing its appeal due to its absurdly rigorous practices and Mahayana became less popular in the face of reinvigorated Hinduism.These were also challenged by the arrival of a new religion: Islam. When forces of the Islamic caliphate reached india, they hardly made any considered advancement as the could not seize more than the frontier regions. A new age of islamic expanse arose, however, when the audacious turkish slaves founded an Islamic state known as Ghazna.The founder’s son, Mahmūd, succeeded his father, and being an pompously ambitious man, Mahmūd began to attack Hindu Kingdoms to the southeast, and Islamic rule was extended to the upper Indus Valley as far as the Indian Ocean.
3. When the Islamic state had reached the entire plain of Northern India, Mahmūd’s successors created a new Muslim state known as the sultanate of Delhi, extending their power to the Deccan Plateau. However, the Sultanate of Delhi was enervated and devitalized when under pressure from new invaders, a mix of Mongol and Turkish heritage led by Timur Lenk. Timur Lenk, ruler of Samarquand, seized power in 1369 and brought much of central Asia under his control. He died in 1405 in the midst of a military campaign, a death that removed a major menace from India.
4. Muslim rulers, speaking generally, view themselves as foreign conquered, and they tried to maintain an uncompromising separation between the prestigious Muslim ruling class an the Hindu population. While muslim rules were illiberally intolerant of other faiths, Muslims generally used peaceful encouraging means to convert to Islam, not coercive means.They could become much more aggressive, however, was religious zeal was aroused. Realizing that there were two many HIndu’s to ever convert, the Muslim’s acquiescently decided that they needed to tolerate customs. Nevertheless, Muslim rulers did impose stringent Islamic customs. Over the relationship between the two groups always modeled one between a “conquered and conquerer.”
5. Life in Southeast Asia can be divided into two comprehensive groups: agricultural and trading societies. Vietnam, Angkor, and Pagan derived moth of their wealth from the rich land while the Sultanate of Malaka, the leading trading port in the region and the chief rival of Malaphit, relied predominantly on trade. Trade through Southeast Asia expanded after the inception of states in the Southeast Region.The top of the the social class in Southeast Asia were the acclaimed and affluential hereditary aristocrats who held both political power and economic wealth. Most societies in Southeast Asia gave abundant rights to women, even allowing them to play an active role in the trading societies.
2. Eventually neither the Mahayana nor the Theravada remained popular in India. Theravada was losing its appeal due to its absurdly rigorous practices and Mahayana became less popular in the face of reinvigorated Hinduism.These were also challenged by the arrival of a new religion: Islam. When forces of the Islamic caliphate reached india, they hardly made any considered advancement as the could not seize more than the frontier regions. A new age of islamic expanse arose, however, when the audacious turkish slaves founded an Islamic state known as Ghazna.The founder’s son, Mahmūd, succeeded his father, and being an pompously ambitious man, Mahmūd began to attack Hindu Kingdoms to the southeast, and Islamic rule was extended to the upper Indus Valley as far as the Indian Ocean.
3. When the Islamic state had reached the entire plain of Northern India, Mahmūd’s successors created a new Muslim state known as the sultanate of Delhi, extending their power to the Deccan Plateau. However, the Sultanate of Delhi was enervated and devitalized when under pressure from new invaders, a mix of Mongol and Turkish heritage led by Timur Lenk. Timur Lenk, ruler of Samarquand, seized power in 1369 and brought much of central Asia under his control. He died in 1405 in the midst of a military campaign, a death that removed a major menace from India.
4. Muslim rulers, speaking generally, view themselves as foreign conquered, and they tried to maintain an uncompromising separation between the prestigious Muslim ruling class an the Hindu population. While muslim rules were illiberally intolerant of other faiths, Muslims generally used peaceful encouraging means to convert to Islam, not coercive means.They could become much more aggressive, however, was religious zeal was aroused. Realizing that there were two many HIndu’s to ever convert, the Muslim’s acquiescently decided that they needed to tolerate customs. Nevertheless, Muslim rulers did impose stringent Islamic customs. Over the relationship between the two groups always modeled one between a “conquered and conquerer.”
5. Life in Southeast Asia can be divided into two comprehensive groups: agricultural and trading societies. Vietnam, Angkor, and Pagan derived moth of their wealth from the rich land while the Sultanate of Malaka, the leading trading port in the region and the chief rival of Malaphit, relied predominantly on trade. Trade through Southeast Asia expanded after the inception of states in the Southeast Region.The top of the the social class in Southeast Asia were the acclaimed and affluential hereditary aristocrats who held both political power and economic wealth. Most societies in Southeast Asia gave abundant rights to women, even allowing them to play an active role in the trading societies.
SECTION MAPS
CITATIONS
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